Anthony Levandowski (born March 15, 1980, in Brussels, Belgium) is a French-American engineer and self-proclaimed self-driving car engineer.^[1] He holds a Bachelor's degree in Industrial engineering and operations research from the University of California, Berkeley, has been active since 2009, and is associated with Way of the Future.

In 2009, Levandowski co-founded Google's self-driving car program, known as Waymo, and served as a technical lead until 2016.^[2,3] In 2010, he co-founded Google X (Google X Lab) along with Yoky Matsuoka and Sebastian Thrun. In 2016, he co-founded the autonomous trucking company Otto (Ottomotto) and sold it to Uber Technologies. Levandowski co-founded the autonomous trucking company Pronto in 2018, which became the first self-driving technology company to complete a cross-country drive in an autonomous vehicle in October 2018.^[6,5] At the 2019 AV Summit hosted by The Information, he remarked that a fundamental breakthrough in artificial intelligence is needed to move autonomous vehicle technology forward.^[8,7]

In 2019, Levandowski was indicted on 33 federal charges of theft of self-driving car trade secrets.^[9] In August 2020, he pleaded guilty to one of the 33 charges and was sentenced to 18 months in prison.^[10] He was pardoned less than six months later on January 20, 2021, the last day of Donald Trump's first presidential term.^[14] In September 2021, Levandowski rejoined Pronto as CEO, subsequently announcing the company's new offroad autonomous division.^[15,13]

Levandowski was born on March 15, 1980, in Brussels, Belgium to a French diplomat mother and an American businessman. He moved to California in the mid-1990s, developing websites for local businesses during his teenage years.^[3] In 1998, Levandowski entered the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in industrial engineering and operations research.^[16] As a freshman, he founded La Raison, an intranet and IT services company that made fifty thousand dollars in its first year.^[17,3] During his sophomore year, Levandowski built the BillSortBot, a robot made from 300 Lego pieces that sorted Monopoly money for the Sun Microsoft robotics competition, winning first place.^[17]

In 2003, Levandowski launched Construction Control Systems with Randy Miller to build WorkTop, a portable blueprint reader and updater for construction sites.^[17] That same year, Levandowski and fellow Berkeley engineers, as the "Blue Team", started building an autonomous motorcycle, nicknamed Ghostrider, for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge.^[18] Built over several years for an estimated $100,000, it was the only autonomous two-wheeled vehicle to compete in the DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004 and 2005. The motorcycle was retrofitted with video cameras, computers, a GPS receiver, an IMU, and motors to power the clutch and steering.^[20] At the DARPA Grand Challenge, the motorcycle collapsed at the starting line due to a forgotten switch preventing it from stabilizing. Despite this, as the team lead, participation in the DARPA Grand Challenge paved the way for Levandowski to build PriBot, the first self-driving car to drive on public roads.^[21] In 2007, Levandowski donated Ghostrider to the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, where it resides.^[21]

In 2006, Levandowski began working with Sebastian Thrun, whom he had met at the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, on VueTool, a Stanford street mapping project that used cameras mounted on vehicles to create maps. In early 2007, Google X hired Thrun, Levandowski, and their entire team to help develop the Google Street View system. To meet Larry Page's target of capturing 1000000 km of roadways before the end of 2007, Levandowski ordered 100 Toyota Priuses from a local dealership. The Street View team's success was partially due to the "Topcon box" or IP-S2 Mobile Mapping System, a roof mounted box composed of Lidar, cameras, GPS, IMUs, and wheel encoders that enabled a car to drive around and create a 3D map. The Topcon box was designed by 510 Systems, a start-up co-founded by Levandowski in early 2007 alongside Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz, whose technology Google employed until quietly acquiring the company in 2011.^[23,22,18]

In 2008, Levandowski was approached by the director of Discovery Channel's Prototype This! requesting to use the Ghost Rider in an episode to deliver a pizza using an unmanned vehicle. Because the Ghost Rider was in the Smithsonian at the time, Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius for the show.^[19,18] Levandowski approached Google and 510 Systems with the venture, but they both turned him down for liability reasons. In an interview with The Guardian, Levandowski stated, "Google was very supportive of the idea, but it absolutely did not want its name associated with it. Google was worried about a Google engineer building a car that crashes and kills someone." In June 2008, with Google's blessing, Levandowski founded Anthony's Robots in order to build the PriBot, which was "a self-driving Toyota Prius with one of the first spinning Lidar laser ranging units and the first-ever to drive on public roads."^[25,18] For the show footage, the police cleared the road and escorted the driverless Prius on a pre-determined route from San Francisco across the Bay Bridge. The drive was successful, aside from scraping against a guard rail on a sharp turn.

Within the span of weeks, Levandowski had demonstrated that self-driving cars were possible, even on a budget.^[24] By early 2009, Levandowski and Thrun were greenlit by Brin and Page to launch their own driverless car project within Google. Anthony's Robots was acquired by Google in 2011 alongside his company 510 Systems for an estimated $20 million.^[19]

In 2009, Levandowski and Thrun co-founded Google's self-driving car project Chauffeur, now known as Waymo. Over the next two years, Levandowski's 510 Systems built five additional self-driving Priuses for Google.^[22] In 2011, Levandowski lobbied Nevada to allow the testing of autonomous vehicles. In May 2012, the Las Vegas DMV performed the first self-driving car test with Chris Urmson in the driver's seat and Anthony Levandowski in the passenger seat, and the car passed the test.^[27] Levandowski continued to work as a technical lead on Google's self-driving car project alongside Chris Urmson, Dmitri Dolgov, and Mike Montemerlo until January 2016, when he left to launch Otto. In addition to Project Chauffeur, Levandowski's contributions to Google include work on Street View, Cardboard, Telepresence, Ground Truth, Oblique Aerial Imagery, and Tiramisu.^{[22,30,28,26]}

Levandowski stated he left Google because he "was eager to commercialize a self-driving vehicle as quickly as possible," though he allegedly downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's confidential files before resigning to found Otto.^[44] Otto was founded in January 2016 by Levandowski, Lior Ron, Claire Delaunay, and Don Burnette, and eleven Google employees also joined them.^[28] Otto retrofitted big rig trucks with self-driving kits.^{[29,30,22,28]} Otto was acquired by Uber in late July 2016, at which point Levandowski assumed leadership of Uber's driverless car operation.^[31,32] In May 2017, Levandowski was fired from Uber after Waymo and Google charged he had raided Waymo's design server. In July 2018, Uber's autonomous trucking program was shut down.^[33]

In 2017, Levandowski established a religious organisation called Way of the Future with the stated intention of creating a god with "Christian morals" through artificial intelligence.^[22] He dissolved the organization in 2021.^[23]

In 2018, Levandowski launched Pronto AI to produce a camera-based, self-driving highway-only retrofit system for semi-trucks. Levandowski's bankruptcy filings in 2019 showed that he had invested over $8.5 million into the company.^[34] As proof of concept, Levandowski claimed to have taken a modified self-driving Prius 3,100 mi across the United States.^[35,36] Some publications expressed doubt over the video's authenticity, with Engadget noting that the video was uploaded as a timelapse, making it difficult to verify the footage.^[37,38]

As of 2022, the company had pivoted to developing self-driving vehicles for more limited use in environments such as quarries. In October 2022, Levandowski expressed doubt that self-driving cars would find mainstream success in the near future.^[39]

In February 2022, Levandowski launched Pollen Mobile, an open-source wireless network. Pollen Mobile distributed antennas and other devices, called Flowers, Hummingbirds and Bumblebees to consumers. The network is used by Pronto AI’s autonomous vehicles and is operational in the Bay Area.^[40]

According to a February 2017 civil lawsuit filed by Waymo officially known as Waymo v. Uber (Levandowski was not a defendant in the case), Levandowski allegedly "downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's confidential files and trade secrets, including blueprints, design files, and testing documentation" before resigning to found Otto.^[42] Google co-founder Larry Page was reluctant to file the suit, but he was pushed over the edge when one of Waymo's suppliers inadvertently copied a Waymo engineer on an email of a schematic of Uber's Lidar design, which appeared to be almost identical to that of Waymo.^[46] In March 2017, United States District Judge William Alsup referred the civil case to federal prosecutors, citing the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 after Levandowski exercised his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.^[4] In May 2017, Judge Alsup ordered Levandowski to refrain from working on Lidar at Uber and required Uber to disclose its discussions on the technology.^[51] Levandowski was later fired by Uber for failing to cooperate in an internal investigation.^[52] Soon after the case went to trial, Uber, through its lawyers, publicly apologized for hiring Levandowski.^[53,55] The civil suit between Uber and Waymo was settled in February 2018 with Uber agreeing to pay Waymo 0.34% of its equity, valued at approximately $245 million, and not to use the unit's technology.^[41,47]

Before filing its lawsuit against Uber in 2017, Google had separately taken Levandowski to private arbitration over a contract dispute.^[48] On March 4, 2020, Levandowski filed for bankruptcy protection after the court confirmed an arbitration panel's ruling that Levandowski and his colleague Lior Ron had breached their employment contracts with Google by poaching employees for their startup. The panel found that Levandowski owed Google $179 million—$120 million accounted for the salary he received while at the company, and the remainder for interest and legal fees accrued.^[49] At issue was the validity of the indemnification agreement that Uber, Levandowski, and Ron entered into pre-acquisition, which according to a court document "was structured to ensure that Mr. Levandowski would not be left unprotected against Google, which had inexhaustible resources to attack Mr. Levandowski." Uber initially honored the agreement and covered both Levandowski and Ron's legal costs; however, in April 2018, days before the final arbitration hearing that resulted in Levandowski owing Google $179 million, Uber informed him it would be seeking reimbursement for his defense costs, arguing he had breached their agreement by refusing to testify.^[34,50] On March 30, 2020, Levandowski filed a motion with a California bankruptcy judge to force Uber to honor its contractual obligation to indemnify Levandowski.

In February, 2022, Levandowski, Uber and Google negotiated a global settlement agreement for the lawsuit Google brought against Levandowski. According to court records, Uber agreed to pay Google a “Substantial Portion” of the settlement, honoring their indemnification clause with Levandowski, and Levandowski was required to pay between $25M and $30M.^[54,55] In April 2022, the settlement agreement faced objections from the U.S. Department of Justice and California’s Internal Revenue Service over the tax implications for Levandowski’s estate.^[56]

On August 27, 2019, Levandowski was charged by the Department of Justice for the alleged theft of trade secrets from Google's self-driving unit Waymo. The charges alleged that in the months before leaving Google, Levandowski downloaded thousands of files from Waymo's predecessor, Project Chauffeur, transferring them onto his laptop before leaving the company. The data allegedly included "critical engineering information about the hardware used on Project Chauffeur self-driving vehicles." Following the indictment, Pronto, a new self-driving trucking company co-founded by Levandowski, announced that its Chief Safety Officer, Robbie Miller, would take over as CEO.^[57]

On March 19, 2020, Levandowski agreed to plead guilty to one of the thirty-three charges initially brought against him by the Department of Justice, with prosecutors agreeing to drop the remaining 32 charges as part of the plea agreement.^{[8,9,61,62,12]} Originally charged with stealing documents containing trade secrets, technical specifications, and Lidar design, he pleaded guilty to downloading an internal project tracking document titled "Chauffeur TL Weekly – Q4 2015"—a spreadsheet consisting of team goals, project metrics, and weekly status updates accessible by his team on an unsecured Google Drive. Levandowski admitted to accessing the document approximately one month after leaving Google in February 2016.^[58]

On August 4, 2020, Levandowski formally pleaded guilty to one count of trade secret theft, and Judge William Alsup sentenced him to 18 months in prison. During the sentencing, Alsup stated, "this is the biggest trade secret crime I have ever seen. This was not small. This was massive in scale," though he also described Levandowski as a "brilliant, groundbreaking engineer that our country needs. We need those people with vision. I'm going to give him that." In addition to time served, Levandowski was ordered to pay $756,499.22 in restitution to Waymo and a $95,000 fine. On January 20, 2021, the last day of his first term, President Donald Trump granted Levandowski a full pardon.^[10,64]

In 2017 Anthony Levandowski founded Way of the Future and established it as a non-profit religious corporation with tax-exempt status. He serves as the church leader and its unpaid CEO. The primary mission of WOTF was to "develop and promote the realization of a Godhead based on Artificial Intelligence." Parallel to, and partly identical to, Syntheism, the WOTH is the first known religious organization dedicated to the worship of artificial intelligence (AI). WOTF was closed by Levandowski in 2021 and reopened in 2023.

In February 2022, Showtime released the series Super Pumped, which portrays the history of Uber from CEO Travis Kalanick’s perspective. Levandowski was portrayed by Jeremy Howard in episodes 5 and 6.^[65]